#AGING ZEBRAFISH CIRCULI SKIN#
Mitrix Bio announced early results of an 18-month project in which a series of mitochondrial transplants were performed in animal studies of brain, eye, liver, immune system, and skin tissues. Academic papers will be forthcoming, it seems, to describe the details.īioreactor-Grown Mitochondria for Potential Anti-Aging It is interesting to see reports along the way in this process of development, such as the materials provided by Mitrix Bio, noted here. Even producing enough mitochondria for demonstrations in mice proved to be an initial hurdle. Ultimately, therapies for aging humans that replace mitochondria throughout the body will require enormous numbers of these organelles, and thus the development of a cost-effective means of manufacture at scale. The major focus of the few companies presently working towards this goal of mitochondrial transplantation is the development of practical methods of production of mitochondria. If that limited time is a few months to a few years, that will nonetheless gives tissues a chance to restore themselves to some degree - and the therapy can always be repeated. It is likely that this improvement will last for only a limited time, as the same processes that degrade the function of mitochondria, such as a lack of effective mitophagy, will still operate on the new arrivals. Cells will take up whole mitochondria and make use of them, and early studies suggest that providing new mitochondria can improve tissue function when native mitochondria are impaired. As an approach, it bypasses all of the remaining unknowns relating to the biochemistry of mitochondrial aging. This suggests that this short-term regulatory response might be a common feature of teleost scales.One of the more practical near term approaches to address the age-related decline of mitochondrial function is transplantation of functional mitochondria. These new data extend the current understanding of the role played by fish scales in the short-term, minute-to-minute homeostatic regulation of ECF-Ca 2+ concentration, and are similar to those recently reported from zebrafish Danio rerio scales. Indeed, adult scales appeared to display the largest flux densities in either direction.
What were considered to be isocalcemic conditions resulted in minimal flux of Ca 2+ in either direction, or in the case of adult scales, a consistent but small influx. Scales from the life-cycle stages as well as from adult fish taken from sea, brackish or fresh water all showed a consistent efflux or influx of Ca 2+ under hypo- or hypercalcemic conditions, respectively. The authors quantified the Ca 2+ fluxes, in the absence of any systemic or local regulators, into and out of scales on both the episquamal and hyposquamal sides under different extracellular calcemic challenges set to mimic a variety of ECF-Ca 2+ concentrations. All the scales were then examined using an extracellular, non-invasive, surface-scanning Ca 2+-sensitive microelectrode. Here, this study describes exfoliating, mounting and culturing scales and their resident cells from parr, smolt and adult sea trout from a freshwater environment, as well as from adult sea trout caught in sea or brackish water. This gap in the knowledge is partly due to the technical challenges involved in measuring small Ca 2+ fluxes around the scales of live fish in real time. Although more is known about long-term remodelling of scales in response to calciotropic challenges encountered during smoltification and migration, very little is known about the contribution made by scales to the short-term, minute-to-minute regulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis in the extracellular fluid (ECF) during these phases of the life cycle.
represent a significant internal reservoir of Ca 2+. The elasmoid scales of anadromous sea trout Salmo trutta L.
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